Mexican Americans in American Popular Culture Essay

It is a known fact that modern entertainment media created certain images and stereotypes of Latin, Asian and other ethnic minorities living in our country. American cinema movies, TV series or even PC games mostly picture the members of Latin and Mexican cultures as aggressive tempered mustached guys, who smoke and fight a lot, and who are always involved in drug distribution or some criminal activities. This tendency had very negative effects on our minds, and many of our citizens are convinced that there are no educated, good-mannered and decent people in Mexican communities. I was always wondering why it happens this way, and studying some historic material, including the articles from the site Digital History, helped me to find some answers on this question. This tendency proved to have a long history and it was formed during the second and the third decades of the twentieth century, when Hollywood producers started expressing their concern and fears caused by the afflux of talented Mexican actors, including Lupe Velez or Dolores Del Rio, their success and public recognition in the US. That is why many performers of Latin origin were given the roles of bandits, thieves and other not attractive characters. After the World War II a number of movies were produced, in which the directors tried to restore the image of Mexican Americans, but after the 1960s, when the problems of illegal immigration from the South became topical, caricaturizing the Mexicans continued. During the last decades, negative characters of Hispanic origin have been appearing in many popular cinema movies or TV series, starting from Chico and the Man and ending with 24. Also, a great contribution to reinforcing the distorted images of the Mexicans was made by a series of popular video games Grand Theft Auto (GTA). In my opinion, this situation is really dejecting, and I am convinced that recent attempts of Mexican artists to demonstrate their true cultural identity and unique distinctive heritage must be supported in our society, and their ethnic voices must be heard.

Social welfare

Social welfare Is based upon the premise that In an Ideal place, all people are treated with respect and dignity, and that; for a community to be responsive, It needs to be a place where members are valued for who they are and what they can offer the community. The goal of social welfare Is to fulfill the social, financial, health and recreational needs of all Individuals In a society. Social welfare seeks to enhance the social functioning of all age groups, both rich and poor.When other institutions in our society such as family and market economy fails, at times, to meet the basic deeds of individuals, or groups of people, then social welfare is needed and demanded. Richard Times argued that social welfare is much more than aid to the poor, and in fact, represents a broader system of support to the middle and upper class. It is the business of social welfare to: Find homes for apparentness children. Rehabilitate people who are addicted to alcohol.Make life more meaningful to older adults Provide vocational rehabilitation for persons with physical and mental dillydally Meet flannel needs of the poor Rehabilitate Juveniles and adults who have committed criminal offense End all hypes of discrimination and oppression Counteract violence in family including child abuse Provide services to people with WAITS and to their families and friends Counsel individuals and groups experiencing a variety of personal and social difficulties Serve families struck by physical disasters such as fire, hurricanes Provide housing for the homeless When a society strives for community betterment by developing methods and programs to promote social Justice and address social needs, this effort Is referred to as social welfare. However, the [perceptions of social welfare vary and there are several definitions of social welfare. Times, 1995, defines social welfare as: 1.The assignment of claims from one set of people who are said to produce or earn the national product to another set of people who may merit compassion and charity but not economic rewards for productive service. 2. Collective interventions to meet certain needs of individuals and to serve the wider interest of society Other available definitions include: 3. A system of social services and institutions designed to aid individuals and groups o attain satisfying standards of life, health and personal social relationships which permit them to develop their full capacities and promote their well being In harmony with the needs of the families and community (Friendlier,1 995, P. 140) 4. A subject of social policy which may be defined as the formal and consistent ordering of affairs (Gagger & Stores, 2010, P. 3) 5.A nations system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, education and health needs that are encompasses people health, economic condition, happiness and quality of life. (Seal &Brzuzy,1998, P. ) 7. Society's organized way to provide for the persistent ne eds of all people for health, education, socio-economic support, personal rights and political freedom. Mamma 1995, P. 6) Own definition of social welfare The common themes in the definition above are: 1. Social welfare includes a variety of programs and services that benefit a target group. 2. Beneficiaries are not able to meet their basic needs on their own and so qualify for charity 3.Social welfare involves a system of programs designed to meet the needs of a people socio-economically and social well-being 4. End result of social lifer is to improve well-being of individuals/groups or organizations Therefore, according to me, social welfare refers to a variety of systems, programs and services designed and provided by a society, either on its own or in partnership with other institutions, to meet the specific needs of individual members, groups or communities to ensure a life of dignity for all its members and development of capacities for productive services. Definitions of oth er relevant terms Social services: Services delivered by social welfare agencies. May include individual services or institutional services e. Income projects, housing projects Welfare: Refers to the provision of minimal level of well-being and social support for all citizens, sometimes referred to as public aid. In developed countries, welfare is largely provided by the government and to a lesser extent, charities, informal groups, religious groups and intergovernmental organizations. Social Justice: Refers to ideal conditions in which all members of a society have the same basic rights, protection, opportunities, obligations and social benefit Social welfare policy: A designed framework, sometimes legislated, that offers a remark on how social welfare is provided by the government.Human services: Refers to welfare programs administered by the federal government and by non-profit and for-profit agencies The residual concept asserts that people should take care of themselves and rel y on charity from the government or non-governmental agencies for support only in times of crisis or emergencies. Characteristics of residual social welfare 1. In residual welfare, people are not considered eligible for help until all of their won private resources, which include family wealth and inheritance, help from church, friends, employers and so no, have been exploited. 2. Social services are only welfare one must prove their inability to provide for themselves and their families and this must be documented 4.Beneficiaries are routinely rectified for continued eligibility every few months to determine that they are still unable to meet their needs Residual welfare is mostly carried out by governments using tax funds. It is criticized for being too rigid. Critics say it can create a barrier for those who seek assistance due to the numerous eligibility criteria, which often causes clients to produce a variety of supporting documents and cause clients to forgo assistance even w hen the need is persistent due to the routine recertification processes. Beneficiaries in residual programs also carry stigma as they are often regarded as failures, labeled lazy, lacking in morals and dishonest and are often accused of making bad decisions and of needing constant monitoring because of their untrustworthiness. Social welfare Social welfare Is based upon the premise that In an Ideal place, all people are treated with respect and dignity, and that; for a community to be responsive, It needs to be a place where members are valued for who they are and what they can offer the community. The goal of social welfare Is to fulfill the social, financial, health and recreational needs of all Individuals In a society. Social welfare seeks to enhance the social functioning of all age groups, both rich and poor.When other institutions in our society such as family and market economy fails, at times, to meet the basic deeds of individuals, or groups of people, then social welfare is needed and demanded. Richard Times argued that social welfare is much more than aid to the poor, and in fact, represents a broader system of support to the middle and upper class. It is the business of social welfare to: Find homes for apparentness children. Rehabilitate people who are addicted to alcohol.Make life more meaningful to older adults Provide vocational rehabilitation for persons with physical and mental dillydally Meet flannel needs of the poor Rehabilitate Juveniles and adults who have committed criminal offense End all hypes of discrimination and oppression Counteract violence in family including child abuse Provide services to people with WAITS and to their families and friends Counsel individuals and groups experiencing a variety of personal and social difficulties Serve families struck by physical disasters such as fire, hurricanes Provide housing for the homeless When a society strives for community betterment by developing methods and programs to promote social Justice and address social needs, this effort Is referred to as social welfare. However, the [perceptions of social welfare vary and there are several definitions of social welfare. Times, 1995, defines social welfare as: 1.The assignment of claims from one set of people who are said to produce or earn the national product to another set of people who may merit compassion and charity but not economic rewards for productive service. 2. Collective interventions to meet certain needs of individuals and to serve the wider interest of society Other available definitions include: 3. A system of social services and institutions designed to aid individuals and groups o attain satisfying standards of life, health and personal social relationships which permit them to develop their full capacities and promote their well being In harmony with the needs of the families and community (Friendlier,1 995, P. 140) 4. A subject of social policy which may be defined as the formal and consistent ordering of affairs (Gagger & Stores, 2010, P. 3) 5.A nations system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, education and health needs that are encompasses people health, economic condition, happiness and quality of life. (Seal &Brzuzy,1998, P. ) 7. Society's organized way to provide for the persistent ne eds of all people for health, education, socio-economic support, personal rights and political freedom. Mamma 1995, P. 6) Own definition of social welfare The common themes in the definition above are: 1. Social welfare includes a variety of programs and services that benefit a target group. 2. Beneficiaries are not able to meet their basic needs on their own and so qualify for charity 3.Social welfare involves a system of programs designed to meet the needs of a people socio-economically and social well-being 4. End result of social lifer is to improve well-being of individuals/groups or organizations Therefore, according to me, social welfare refers to a variety of systems, programs and services designed and provided by a society, either on its own or in partnership with other institutions, to meet the specific needs of individual members, groups or communities to ensure a life of dignity for all its members and development of capacities for productive services. Definitions of oth er relevant terms Social services: Services delivered by social welfare agencies. May include individual services or institutional services e. Income projects, housing projects Welfare: Refers to the provision of minimal level of well-being and social support for all citizens, sometimes referred to as public aid. In developed countries, welfare is largely provided by the government and to a lesser extent, charities, informal groups, religious groups and intergovernmental organizations. Social Justice: Refers to ideal conditions in which all members of a society have the same basic rights, protection, opportunities, obligations and social benefit Social welfare policy: A designed framework, sometimes legislated, that offers a remark on how social welfare is provided by the government.Human services: Refers to welfare programs administered by the federal government and by non-profit and for-profit agencies The residual concept asserts that people should take care of themselves and rel y on charity from the government or non-governmental agencies for support only in times of crisis or emergencies. Characteristics of residual social welfare 1. In residual welfare, people are not considered eligible for help until all of their won private resources, which include family wealth and inheritance, help from church, friends, employers and so no, have been exploited. 2. Social services are only welfare one must prove their inability to provide for themselves and their families and this must be documented 4.Beneficiaries are routinely rectified for continued eligibility every few months to determine that they are still unable to meet their needs Residual welfare is mostly carried out by governments using tax funds. It is criticized for being too rigid. Critics say it can create a barrier for those who seek assistance due to the numerous eligibility criteria, which often causes clients to produce a variety of supporting documents and cause clients to forgo assistance even w hen the need is persistent due to the routine recertification processes. Beneficiaries in residual programs also carry stigma as they are often regarded as failures, labeled lazy, lacking in morals and dishonest and are often accused of making bad decisions and of needing constant monitoring because of their untrustworthiness.

Religion and Theology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Religion and Theology - Research Paper Example The diametrically opposing views of death, especially the case of holy mother Mary, that she did not die, according to Mariologists have championed for the interpretation of one’s death in Catholic Church. In addition, the Catholic followers believe that there is life after death and that the followers of Christ have an everlasting life (Wildes, 2002). This is because the Catholic Church speaks of the existence of words of pardon. For example, if a Catholic believer dies, Christ’s words of pardon and absolution are said over the dying Christian. The assumption in this perspective is that the prayers and the gracious words help to seal the spirit of the believer with strengthening anointing. The philosophical belief of the Catholic Church on canonization and that every man on earth would receive his eternal retribution in his immortal soul at the very moment of one’s death is the reason behind the affirming of this doctrine in the Catholic Church (Himes, 2001). Th e accreditation that St. Paul vision approves of heaven occupied by many, who are not Canonized, and the subsequent follow-up by the church to honor these men and women in the Solemnity of All Saints is a proof that there were differing social understanding of one’s death hence this religious belief came to be.In fact, the CatholicChurch prays for their dead and never in a single day do they assume that the dead are in heaven for this would deprive them of the Masses and prayers that would help them pass through purification easily.

Reaction Paper to A. Gavin's Diasporic Africans and Slavery Essay

Reaction Paper to A. Gavin's Diasporic Africans and Slavery - Essay Example The basis stated for enslaving Africans by a majority of scholars was that Africans were much easier to purchase compared to other indigenous Americans or white slaves (Gavins 92). Africans were also less vulnerable to Europeans’ diseases as compared to the Europeans themselves. According to Raymond Gavins, it is true to say that Africans formed better slave laborers compared to Europeans. Raymond says that it is also a belief that Africans were targeted as slaves since they did not have the technology or advanced skills that Europeans had during the time when slave trade was so common. Africans still live in isolated tribes with restricted or limited communication among other people rather than large cites as the Europeans. Also, Africans never realized that they were being shipped off to the New World to work as slaves (Gavins 93). They realized this once they docked in the New World. This made them more vulnerable to slave trade than any other race. In the past, slave labor was an accepted norm in the Western society (Gavins 94). This was particularly in complex financial systems and areas that needed specialized labor. Europeans who decided to settle in the New World took with them slaves that they had acquired from West Africa. Slavery was essential in the whole southern economy, southern colonies and states, mainly due to agriculture. Agriculture was the main factor of the southern states and economy (Gavins 95). Slaves, on the other hand, were the main laborers when it came to planting. The southern land could not have worked as fast as it did without slave labor. Therefore, in order to drive the economy of the southern states and colonies, it was essential to maintain slavery in the region. African American slaves, in the new world, looked for survival and liberation in a couple of ways. They included economic, environmental and political

What Did Jeffersonian Republicans Thought about the War of 1812 Term Paper

What Did Jeffersonian Republicans Thought about the War of 1812 - Term Paper Example The war of 1812 can rightly be renamed the Republican’s War as the Republicans successfully waged the war even though the Federalists opposed it. In the preceding pages, I would investigate and analyze the course of the war of 1812 and prove this hypothesis.Americans’ confidence in the viability of their republican form of government had begun to erode in the early nineteenth century under the pressure of foreign affairs. Great Britain and France, bled white from butchering one another in the Napoleonic Wars and each desperate for advantage, were assaulting the merchant vessels of the United States. The English first started to impress sailors from American ships in 1803. Then in a series of Orders in Council over the next few years they blockaded the European continent, denied to American merchants the wartime carrying trade, and began to seize American ships with their commercial loads. Napoleon responded with the Berlin and Milan Decrees, edicts which blockaded the B ritish Isles and prohibited all neutral trade with them. The French by 1806 also began to confiscate trade vessels of the United States. From 1803 to 1807 the Republican administration of Thomas Jefferson relied upon protest and negotiation in attempting to moderate the maritime policies of the European belligerents. This strategy failed.In December of 1807, the Republicans took a new tack. Determined to find an effective American policy somewhere between war and submission, Jefferson and his Congressional followers enacted the famous embargo. This measure prohibited American ships from traveling to foreign ports, and foreign ships from gathering any cargo in the United States. Designed to bring Great Britain and France to reason by economic pressure, the measure instead prompted economic hardship, political discontent among mercantile interests, and a widespread smuggling trade within the United States. The embargo’s unpopularity brought its repeal in fourteen months, and th e subsequent enactment of weaker forms of commercial restrictions. All of these policies were ineffective. But they did succeed in creating, especially among Republicans, a profound crisis of confidence over the vigor of American republican government. If the foreign affairs conundrum had helped raise tensions in American political economy by turning it inward toward production and the home market, it also raised larger and even more unsettling questions: could the United States wage war and survive? And if it could not, did its republican structure deserve to survive?

Nmgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nmgmt - Essay Example geting but ‘orthodox’ planning approaches are insufficient for handling large-scale changes as opposed to incremental changes, according to Kotter and Cohen (2002). Significant structural changes had begun to take place in 1994 because of the arrival of free trade. Free trade in the UK’s market meant that foreign competition was coming and was providing local businesses with an opportunity to expand by means of acquisition. Charles Berry has quoted the response of his organization to the change. Even after everyone had agreed to a mutual point and the agreed suggestions were documented in a report, no real progress was made. Hence, all the planning efforts went down the drains because they were not put to work. Most of the industries are designed for incremental changes and commonly everyone associated knows about their business in some detail. Planning helps with such incremental changes where everyone is aware of the little details. However it is inadequate for managing large-scale changes. With non-incremental change, the analysis is often based on unclear assumptions because extrapolations from previous trends may be misleading. Charles Berry explains how his organization considered seven alternatives in an effort to evaluate the situation. In measurable terms, these included sales turnover, the number of employees, potential customer market, core business, competitors, beliefs and the proposed action steps. All the options were documented precisely and several meetings were conducted in order to visualize the propositions in a way that materialized the visions into a near reality. This provided a direction for the attainment of the vision and things got less vague. Hence, the approach , involving seeing, feeling, and changing, was particularly geared towards painting the picture or visualizing the future. There are four main elements involved in successful changes that occur on a large scale. These include plans, budgets, strategies, and visions.

Legal and Regulatory Environment in Human Resource Management Essay - 10

Legal and Regulatory Environment in Human Resource Management - Essay Example In my opinion, the case Jennifer has filed against her employer will not hold water and she is likely to lose it because firstly, she is no longer part of the workforce in the company and secondly, there is no concrete evidence of her harassment reported to the authorities before leaving the company. Thirdly, her reasons for resigning are unclear to the management even though she claims the sexual harassments from the senior partner instigated her exit from the company even after six months of enduring through this harrowing experience. It is unlawful to discriminate someone on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth or such medical conditions. Pregnancy is considered a disability in most cases and in the case of Theresa Thomas; I would advise her to sue the school management especially the principal for discriminating and dismissing her on unsatisfactory grounds. The principal should have questioned the reasons why her ratings have dropped suddenly than dismissing her without even checking her track record. It would have been fair if her previous ratings were matched with the current ones and a SWOT analysis done about the ones at hand. Theresa should inform the board of governors of the school about her dissatisfaction with the improper dismissal and if no action is taken, a lawsuit will be convenient to air out her issues in court, which will end up in a win-win situation that is getting her job back and being compensated for damages. The two lawyers have the right to observe their religious doctrines freely since religion is a culture that cuts across all races regardless of where one comes from. Religious discrimination might be a tricky subject for many employers but federal and government discrimination laws always have special considerations and adjustments regarding this dress code in relation to religion.  

Feedback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Feedback - Essay Example In a speech provided by the White House Web site (2009) titled â€Å"Remarks by the president on the home mortgage crisis,† President Barak Obama highlighted how the mortgage phenomenon challenged the American dream and it frightened our nation’s financial system, the strength of our families and communities. President Obama (2009) said that, â€Å"its a crisis that strikes at the heart of the middle class: the homes in which we invest our savings and build our lives, raise our families and plant roots in our communities.† Millions of this country’s citizens ended up losing their jobs and are still at risk of losing their properties. The foreclosure crisis impacted the United States economy dramatically, and I strongly believe that one way to protect ourselves from foreclosures is to control the risk of our financial activities, and as homebuyers we should be well aware of what type of loans we can afford. As homeowners it is essential to take responsibility and take proper actions when it comes down to correctly distributing the household’s budget. According to Petrovich (2008), usually one individual manages the books in the majority of our households, meaning taking charge for bills getting paid and supervising the finances. Moreover, Petrovich (2008) had written that the person in charge knows if the total income is enough to keep up with the expenses. It is easy to review your expenses increases versus the earnings you are bringing home. Are you considering in your monthly balance sheet costs like utility bills or simply groceries? Determining and examining your spending behaviors is crucial to be successful at managing your finances, and have a lifestyle that meets your budget (Petrovich, 2008). But what do we know and why do we care about foreclosures? According Frame (2010), foreclosure can be defined as a legal

Business entity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business entity - Essay Example The limited partnership is not subject to federal income tax. The limited partnership allows the acceptance of two partners who contribute a different fund amount and a third partner who only contributes his or her services in lieu of capital, considering each of the owners has a spouse and adult children. Normally, the limited partner’s contribution to the partnership is lower than the general partners’ contributions. The limited partners are prohibited from participating in the management decisions of the partnership. Only general partners are allowed to make management decisions (Clifford, 2008). In terms of limited partnership’s liability, the creditors can get the general partner’s family assets to pay for the liabilities of the limited partnership. On the other hand, the creditors cannot get the limited partner’s family assets to pay for the liabilities of the limited partnership’s liabilities (Clifford, 2008). The best form of business for a small business is limited partnership. For a limited partnership, a small business can easily grow to become a big business when the most opportune moment comes. As the business profits continue, all the limited partnership’s partners can increase the store size, sell more product types, or up a new branch in another locality (Clifford, 2008). Analyzing the above information, many persons want to form a limited partnership. The limited partnership is tax exempt. The creditors can only get the general partners’ assets. Only the general partners can make partnership decisions. Convincingly, the limited partnership works best in the above business

Elvis Presley King of Rock and Roll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Elvis Presley King of Rock and Roll - Essay Example nt, his reputation as the world’s greatest Rock ‘n’ Roll singer even after the sensational impact of ‘Beatlemania’ of 1964 had not declined even decades after his demise. Elvis Aaron Presley was born to Vernon and Gladys Presley in the humblest circumstances on January 8, 1935, in Mississippi. He graduated from Humes High School, in Tennessee where his parents migrated, in 1953. The young Elvis displayed a natural gift for singing and took up guitar at eleven that was given by his father as a birthday gift. Pop, country music, gospel music, and the black R&B of the time influenced him in molding his musical genius. He began his singing experimentation in the summer of 1953, when he decided to record songs, mainly out of curiosity to hear his own sound on record. The two songs ‘My Happiness’ and ‘That’s When Your Heartaches Begin’ recorded at Memphis Recording Service Studio caught attention of Sun Records founder Sam Phillips and assistant Marion Keisker recognize his â€Å"nascent talent.† (Chuck). In 1954 Phillips asked Elvis to team up with two local musicians to try out a speeded-up version of blues singer Arthur ‘Big Boy’ Crudup’s song ‘That is All Right,’ which was released as Elvis’ first single. In 1955 his recording career was sold to RCV Records, one of the worlds biggest record companies, on the advice of Colonel Tom Parker (Andreas van Kuijk). The RCA had the necessary influence to â€Å"expose Elvis on nationally networked television† and by 1956 he was an international sensation. (Lennon and Dylan). His popular number one hits are: Heart Break Hotel (1956), Love me Tender (1956), (Let me be your) Teddy Bear-Loving You (1957), Jailhouse Rock(1957), Stuck on You-Welcome Home (1960), Are You lonesome Tonight? & All shook up (1968 come back specials), Can’t help falling in love (1961), In the Ghetto (1970), The Wonder of You (1970), and Burning Love (1973). He had a short stint with U.S army and also experimented with

Saving the Pacific Salmon Essay Example for Free

Saving the Pacific Salmon Essay Salmon are one of the most important fish species in the world, and in the Pacific Northwest the fish are a way of life for many species of plants and animals, including humans. The major problem that humans are facing is that the population of wild salmon is dangerously low as compared to historic numbers due to over-fishing and human degradation (including dams, chemical pollution and land use impacts. ). Pacific Salmon are now extinct in forty percent of the rivers they once thrived in (Four Fish). Zoologist George Suckley stated in 1854, that the Pacific coast salmon were â€Å"one of the striking wonders of the region these fish. astonish by number, and confuse with variety. †(In a Sea of Trouble) and that â€Å"The quantities for salmon which frequent these waters is beyond calculation, and seems to be so great as to challenge human ingenuity to effect it in any way. † (In a Sea of Trouble). In order to get a better grasp on the problems humans are causing we need to first understand the salmons life cycle. In the Pacific Northwest there are five different species of salmon: Chinook, Pink, Dog, Coho, and Silver. All of which are anadromous basically meaning that they live in both fresh and salt water. These fish start life hatching many miles upstream on the gravel beds in rivers on the pacific coasts of North America, and Asia, were they grow into smolts as they are carried downstream to the sea. Once at sea the salmon spend one to seven years maturing. Then for reasons unknown to scientists, a homing impulse triggers them to make an astonishing journey back to the very river or tributary they were hatched in (Salmon). At least that is how it is supposed to work. When Lewis and Clark made their famous expedition nearly two centuries ago they marveled at the â€Å"great quants. of Salmon† they had seen in the Columbia River in Washington State, which in 1860 produced sixteen million salmon annually. Today the figure has dropped to less than one million respectively (Where the Salmon Rule). In 1990 not one sock-eye salmon out of a population of thousands made its way back to its spawning area in Redfish Lake, Idaho (In a Sea of Trouble). The brutal decline is emblematic of the problem. Biologists Willa Nehlen, Jack Williams, and James Litchatowich reported that of the hundreds of distinct native populations that were once common to the Pacific Coast are disappearing. Of the original stocks 106 are extinct, 102 definitely face extinction, fifty-eight are at moderate risk, and fifty-four are a matter of concern. All in all the report said that 214 natural spawning routes are in very serious trouble (Fish-eries Mar. /April issue). What possibly could be the reason for the sharp decline of this life giving species of fish? HUMANS. Let’s start with dams. The first half of the twentieth century, in order to harness the power of the rivers in the Pacific Northwest for producing electricity, and producing water for irrigation in the semi-arid valleys, countless dams were built. The engineers that built these structures had the salmon in mind during the design phase. They constructed fish ladders and artificial falls designed to allow the upstream passage for the salmon past all the concrete now blocking the rivers vital to the species. On the Columbia River alone eight major dams were built, while a spattering of additional smaller dams were plugging up the tributaries. There was something that the engineers did not account for and that is for each existing dam five to fourteen percent of adult salmon moving upstream cannot find the fish ladders, or if they do end up getting lost in the vast reservoirs created between dams. And worse yet the engineers designed the ladders and artificial falls for fish moving upstream, not the smolts making their way downstream to the Pacific Ocean. It is estimated that we lose ninety percent of the smolts that count on the flow of the river to carry them to the Ocean. Instead the juvenile fish get caught and mutilated in the screens or die due to predation in the reservoirs (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife). Another huge problem to the choked rivers is land degradation. Every year the U. S. Forest Service sanctions timber and grazing practices on the national forest lands in the regions that are ecologically prudent to native salmon populations. The clear cutting, roadways, and destruction harm the salmon that make it through the dams indefinitely. Salmon need cool clean water to survive the journey to their spawning grounds, and the logging industry cuts all the trees down, which in turn lets more radiation from the sun hit the water and heat it up. The trees being cut down speeds up the erosion of the soil, which pours into the streams making them very dirty which suffocates the eggs and alevins. Road and rail construction causes land-slides that block rivers (The Plundered Seas). A study conducted by the Forest Service looked at several hundreds of miles of streams in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho counting cool clean pools that are critical to wild salmon. They found that fifty to seventy-five percent of the pools were gone in the most heavily logged areas. Those areas that were spared still remained stable or even gained pools over the last fifty years. One of if not the largest problem is that of overfishing. Humans with their large boats and drift nets sometimes spanning thirty miles in length, gill nets and fish wheels can catch salmon by the millions. Alaska alone harvests 200 million fish annually to keep up with the demand. The United States, which is limited by strict total allowable catch quotas (TAC’S) that monitor and limit the overall weight of fish which fishermen may land, based on advice by scientists, and is enforced by the U. S. Fish and game Service. Although sometimes the TAC is wrong, and the U. S. takes to many fish we are not the main problem here. It is the other countries that illegally set their nets in our waters to poach salmon by the millions. Specifically the Taiwanese fishing fleets whose thousands of miles of netting plucked at least by estimate of the NMFS eight million illegal salmon last year (NMFS). Also the NMFS estimates that at least twenty million West Coast salmon are caught illegally every year. As it stands now according to 1996 study Factors Contributing to the Decline of Chinook Salmon estimates that in recent years harvest impacts on Puget Sound Chinook salmon stocks have been quite high on average sixty-eight to eighty-three percent of the wild stock has been taken by fishing. And that is a problem when you consider the other factors that man has created that impede or harm native stocks. Pollution from pulp mills, industry and agriculture has also had a devastating effect salmon. Aluminum pollution has had a particularly horrible effect on the gills of the salmon. The aluminum mutates the thin mucous membrane from which the fish takes its oxygen and keeping out potentially damaging microbes into a crusty damaged organ that inhibits the fish’s ability to transition from fresh to salt water (Nature’s Crusaders). Also it has been found that mixtures of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides that are commonly detected in freshwater streams and reservoirs that support endangered species of salmon. What happens is the pesticides can inhibit the activity of acetyl cholinesterase which is a hormone secreted to aid in neural function (The Synergistic Toxicity of Pesticide Mixtures). Several of these chemicals when mixed together in relatively low doses have proven to be fatal for the salmon, whereas individually the chemicals in the same doses are non-lethal. In the late nineteenth century man noticed that there were less salmon in the waters of the Pacific Northwest and something had to be done to supplement the commercial fishermen’s catch. Thus came the idea of hatcheries. Hatcheries work like this: Salmon that are returning to spawn in their home rivers are captured. These captured fish contain both males and females. The eggs are taken from the females, and the sperm is taken from the males and mixed together to form fertilized eggs. The eggs are then incubated, where the hatched fish are placed in holding tanks to grow and develop. When adequate growth is reached the fish are released into the river where they make their way to the ocean, mature and return back to the hatchery or spawning grounds. This practice makes the survival rates increase because there are no predators in hatcheries and their environment stays constant plus food is abundant. So what is the problem with hatcheries you might ask? The answer is genetic diversity. The fish that come to the hatcheries (which are set up along rivers) get a lot of the same fish back every year. Currently, most of the fish in the hatcheries are fourth, fifth, and sixth generation stocks from the hatchery. These fish keep being bred with genetically similar fish, which weakens the population as a whole. On the Columbia River in 2006 8,157 oho salmon were caught for a study to determine how many were hatchery fish, and the results were shocking. Of those fish 6,234 were hatchery fish leaving only around 1900 as wild stock (The End of the Line). Without genetic diversity the salmons’ immune systems get weakened and they become more susceptible to diseases that normally wouldn’t affect them. Also a concern for hatcheri es is that they grow larger than their wild counterparts and evidence suggests that the larger hatchery fish kill wild stock due to predation (Northwest fisheries Science Center). Hatcheries are also known to have disease outbreaks that can be transmitted to wild stock. Now that I have shown that there is a problem let’s take a look at what lower numbers of salmon effect in their environment. When Salmon make their epic runs up the rivers of the Pacific Northwest not all survive. Bears numbering in the hundreds stand in the rivers plucking fish out of the water trying to put on pounds and pounds of fat to get them and their cubs through the long northern winters, and the salmon are the bears’ main source of calories (Planet Earth). When the salmon runs are abundant the bears only eat the skin, brain, and eggs of the fish because they are the parts with the highest calorie content. So along the shores of the rivers lie thousands maybe even hundreds of thousands of carcasses that are free for the taking by wolves, coyotes, fox, raptors, insects and any other opportunistic animals. These remains are vital to the overall health of many different species of land animals, not to mention plants as well. Even after the animal kingdom has had their way with the carcasses there is still rotting flesh and bone that gets left behind. A study of fifty different watersheds in the Great Bear Rainforest on British Columbia’s central coast says that the predation of salmon provides a â€Å"potent nutrient subsidy† that drives plant growth in the surrounding forest. Numbers nearing fifty percent of the salmon are getting carried to the forest, with the remaining fish that make it to the spawning grounds to reproduce and die ending up decomposing on the banks. The study observed everything from lichens to shrubs and found that nitrogen loving plants were thriving in these areas (The Vancouver Sun Mar. 25, 2011). The areas that did not have the salmon were not as robust. When the salmon decompose carbon and nitrogen get released into the soil. That coupled with animal scat makes for very rich fertilizer making the forest grow thick and lush (Hanley and Schnell 1998). When dealing with an issue of this scope one must take into consideration the many obstacles that will present themselves, such as how to regulate the many countries that have access to the Pacific Ocean. How will funding be provided for the operation? How to peacefully find an alternative for those who depend on salmon for their family’s livelihood. Continuing research for hatcheries and the money that will be needed and so on and so forth. My plan to preserve the pacific salmon is multi-tiered and complex, but if the people involved can be agreeable a sacred and valuable species can be saved. First the issue of regulating all the coastal countries for poachers must be addressed. I propose that these countries involved start a salmon fishing enforcement bureau that is a combined and comprehensive unit tasked to regulate, seek out, and enforce the laws and regulations with steep penalties decided by a committee comprised of representatives from each respective country. Secondly I propose that all commercial fishing be halted until the populations of salmon can recover. Once recovered then commercial fishing can be continued at a reasonable rate as advised by the bureau’s biologists. Doing this would outrage the fishermen who depend on salmon for their income, but there is a solution to this as well. The misplaced fishermen will have the option to be trained free of cost, (made possible by government funding) and assigned jobs at salmon farms and hatcheries, also the processing plants that butcher and package the salmon. While the fishing ban is in effect the nation will rely on fish farms to provide salmon for consumption by humans. Except those indigenous peoples (such as the Indian Tribes and Inuit) that will be given rights to a predetermined number of fish for their freezers to be consumed. To address the problem that the hatcheries and farms produce regarding disease and inbreeding the government will redirect money in the national budget to enlist the help of the foremost experts in the field to figure out ow to eliminate disease and genetically diversify the stocks coming from the farms and hatcheries. Next the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers will demolish dams at strategic locations to allow the salmon free passage up their streams and rivers. To supplement the cheap electricity that will be lost, wind and solar farms will be set up to get electric to customers that the dams supplied electric to. Also we will utilize available technology to modify the dams in a way that all migrating fish will know where to go, and receive safe passage through the structure. Logging companies will be mandated to not build roads or clear cut trees any closer than 1 mile from a salmon spawning river or tributary unless it is deemed necessary by the U. S. Division of Parks and Recreation. Enlisting the help of the EPA would be a priority. The EPA could ban the use of certain pesticides that contain aluminum in their chemical makeup, and test farmers land to regulate and arrest (if necessary) those in violation. In closing I would like to state that the future of the Pacific salmon is clouded by all of the problems I listed in the above paragraphs. And it was we who have created this problem, so it has to be we who fix it. Implementing the plan I have devised will be challenging, tough and expensive, but if the American people can be patient and understanding I know we can come together as a country and fix our mistake and save the salmon. We have to. Salmon are more than fish; they are one of the last great symbols of the west, and givers of life to so many people, plants, and animals. To lose them due to non-natural causes (like we did the bison) would be a travesty. The world would quite literally be a lot less beautiful without them, and I cannot imagine it. Can you?

Liberty University Bibl 323 John Module 4 Notes Essay Example for Free

Liberty University Bibl 323 John Module 4 Notes Essay People would live in booths, temporary shelters made of palm branches outside the city to remind them of God’s care for 40 years in the wilderness. Every Jewish male was expected to attend the feast. (Lev. 16:16). â€Å"Three times a year all your men must appear before the Lord your God at the place he will choose: at the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Weeks and the Feasts of Tabernacles. No man should appear before the Lord empty-handed. † The 3 most important days in the Old Testament were not held on Saturday but on Sunday Seven plus one is John’s key phrase and here the three main feast feature seven days, Sabbath. Lev. 23:2–15). â€Å"Speak to the Israelites and say to them: ‘These are my appointed feasts, the appointed feast of the Lord, which you are to proclaim as sacred assemblies. The Lord’s Passover begins at twilight on the fourteenth day of the first month. For seven days present, an offering made to the Lord by fire. And on the seventh day hold a sacred assembly and do no regular work. ’ Speak to the Israelites and say to them: ‘When you enter the land I am going to give you and you reap its harvest, bring to the priest a sheaf of the first grain you harvest. He is to wave the sheaf before the Lord so it will be accepted on your behalf; the priest is to wave it on the day after the Sabbath. From the day after the Sabbath, the day you brought the sheaf of the wave offering, count off seven full weeks. ’† Then 7 weeks plus one day, i. e. , Pentecost, held on ____________________. Tabernacles (Lev. 23:34). â€Å"Say to the Israelites: ‘On the fifteenth day of the seventh month the Lord’s Feast of Tabernacles begins, and it lasts for seven days. Live in booths for seven days: All native born Israelites are to live in booths so your descendants will know that I had the Israelites live in booths when I brought them out of Egypt. I am the Lord your God. So beginning with the fifteenth day of the seventh month, after you have gathered the crops of the land, celebrate the festival to the Lord for seven days; the first day is a day of rest, and the eighth day also is a day of rest. On the first day you are to take choice fruit from the trees, and palm fronds, leafy branches, and poplars, and rejoice before the Lord your God for seven days. The first day is a sacred assembly; do no regular work. For seven days present offerings made to the Lord by fire, and on the eighth day hold a sacred assembly and present an offering made to the Lord by fire. It is the closing assembly do no regular work. † Passover Pentecost Booths April June October Planting Crops in ground Harvest Most attended Least attended Middle Lev. 23:5 Lev. 23:15ff Lev. 23:34ff 7 days plus 1 7 days times 7 plus 1 7 days plus 1 Feast of the First 7 weeks then 1 Fruits Cross Atonement Holy Spirit Future Kingdom Eight is the number of regeneration new things Holy Spirit Brethren, v. – adeiphoi Catholic and Jerome – his cousins Sons of Joseph by another marriage A group of Jesus’ followers Children of Joseph and Mary after Jesus. They had a least seven children. Matt. 13:55 â€Å"Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother’s name Mary, and aren’t his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas? A ren’t all his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all these things? † What were the bothers trying to do? They were being sarcastic Wanting fame from a famous brother Another of Satan’s attempts to kill Jesus prematurely En parresiai – openly – literally in boldness Timing (7:6–9). Therefore Jesus told them, ‘The right time for me has not yet come; for you any time is right. The world cannot hate you, but it hates me because I testify that what it does is evil. You go to the Feast. I am not yet going up to the Feast, because for me the right time has not yet come. ’ Having said this, he stayed in Galilee. † Time – karios – not the normal word hora – season Possibilities in resolving the problem Some accuse Jesus of falsehood Anabarino – I go up – in context ascending to Jerusalem in celebration of a completed task. He could not go up that way for His task was not completed I am not ready to do the tabernacle work yet The time for Jesus to celebrate the feast of Tabernacles will be At His return Hostilities (7:10–13). â€Å"However, after his brothers had left for the Feast, he went also, not publicly, but in secret. Now at the Feast the Jews were watching for him and asking, ‘Where is that man? ’ Among the crowds there was widespread whispering about him. Some said, ‘He is a good man. ’ Others replied, ‘No, he deceives the people. ’ But no one would say anything publicly about him for fear of the Jews. Secretly – kruptoi – is placed in contrast to public celebration. nvisible wear disguise on non-traveled paths Openly – phaneros 7:10, and parnessaoi 7:4, both come the root word to Tell it all Whispering – goggusmos – mummer – as they did In the wilderness Of believers – a good man Of non-believers – not a good man Half – He deceives people Jesu s is a divider of men Christ and His Heavenly Claims (7:14–39) His ____________________ (7:14–24). â€Å"Not until halfway through the Feast did Jesus go up to the temple courts and begin to teach. The Jews were amazed and asked, ‘How did this man get such learning without having studied? Jesus answered, ‘My teaching is not my own. It comes from him who sent me. If anyone chooses to do God’s will, he will find out whether my teaching comes from God or whether I speak on my own. He who speaks on his own does so to gain honor for himself, but he who works for the honor of the one who sent him is a man of truth; there is nothing false about him. Has not Moses given you the law? Yet not one of you keeps the law. Why are you trying to kill me? ’ ‘You are demon-possessed,’ the crowd answered. ‘Who is trying to kill you? ’ Jesus said to them, ‘I did one miracle, and you are all astonished. Yet, because Moses gave you circumcision (though actually it did not come from Moses, but from the patriarchs), you circumcise a child on the Sabbath. Now if a child can be circumcised on the Sabbath so that the law of Moses may not be broken, why are you angry with me for healing the whole man on the Sabbath? Stop judging by mere appearances, and make a right judgment. ’† Four claims of Jesus in the midst of the feast (7:14–24) Concerning His doctrine (7:14–24) My doctrine is from God (7:16) Doctrine is teaching Doctrine is the product teaching is the process I have preformed a miracle (7:21). Lame man to Bethesda Concerning His heavenly mission (7:25–36) I am from God (7:28). I will return to God (7:33). Will do His will – theisi poiein If a person’s moral purpose is in harmony with God’s will, then that person will come to know the truth of Jesus’ doctrine. Because of the attitude of â€Å"the Jews† they cannot meet this condition so they cannot understand His doctrine. Apparently the crowd did not know their leaders as they thought. It was unthinkable that the spiritual leaders of the day would plot to murder. They thought Jesus must be either paraniod or demon possessed The Sabbath law was not an absolute law a person could work under the right circumstance. If it were permissible to circumcise then why not to heal? This was not totally a new idea, Rabbi Eliezer, â€Å"If circumcision, which concerns one of a man’s 248 limbs, displaces the Sabbath, how much more must a man’s whole body (i. e. , if his life be in danger) displace the Sabbath† (Yoma 85b). Be angry – cholate – literally it is derivative from the word â€Å"gall† and literally means to be â€Å"full of bile†. The monstrous act that Jesus described was that 19 months earlier, He had healed a man on Saturday, who had been sick 38 years. Jesus had not only taken care of the physical but also the spiritual â€Å"problem. † His ____________________ (7:25–36). â€Å"At that point, some of the people of Jerusalem began to ask, ‘Isn’t this the man they are trying to kill? Here he is, speaking publicly, and they are not saying a word to him. Have the authorities really concluded that he is the Christ? But we know where this man is from; when the Christ comes, no one will know where he is from. ’ Then Jesus, still teaching in the temple courts, cried out, ‘Yes, you know me, and you know where I am from. I am not here on my own, but he who sent me is true. You do not know him, but I know him because I am from him and he sent me. ’ At this they tried to seize him, but no one laid a hand on him, because his time had not yet come. Still, many in the crowd put their faith in him. They said, ‘When the Christ comes, will he do more miraculous signs than this man? ’ The Pharisees heard the crowd whispering such things about him. Then the chief priests and the Pharisees sent temple guards to arrest him. Jesus said, ‘I am with you for only a short time, and then I go to the one who sent me. You will look for me, but you will not find me; and here I am, you cannot come. ’ The Jews said to one another, ‘Where does this man intend to go that we cannot find him? Will he go where our people live scattered among the Greeks, and teach the Greeks? What did he mean when he said, ‘You will look for me, but you will not find me,’ and ‘Where I am, you cannot come? ’† Verse 25 the plot t o kill Jesus was common knowledge Lerosolumeiton v. 25 – used only here and in Mark 1:15 refers specifically to the residents of Jerusalem as distinguished from both the crowds who invaded the city during the feast and the religious bureaucracy. Jewish tradition said that the coming of the Messiah would be veiled in mystery. Some though that the Messiah would not know who he was until he was anointed by Elijah. Therefore, because Jesus knew who He was He could not be the Messiah. Cried – with a loud voice. True v. 28 – alethinos – in the sense of genuineness rather than veracity. Still others in the crowd began to believe. v. 31. Response of the Pharisees Sent temple police to arrest him. Not Romans but Levitical police. v. 32. Sent spies out to gather evidence that could be used against Him in His trial. They did not report to the Sanhedrin until four days later. The Prophecy 7:35 – They unknowingly prophesied that Jesus should go to the diaspora, i. e. , Jews outside Palestine and to the Gentiles. Dispersed scattered. Gentiles means nations. a Latin phrase. This is exactly what the Early Church did, v. 35. His ____________________ (7:37–39). â€Å"On the last and greatest day of the Feast, Jesus stood and said in a loud voice, ‘If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me and drink. Whoever believes in me, as the Scripture has said, â€Å"Streams of living water will flow from within him. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ By this he meant the Spirit, whom those who believed in him were later to receive. Up to that time the Spirit had not been given, since Jesus had not yet been glorified. † Last day – sunday Holy Spirit Not spoken of until the Holy Ghost/Spirit For seven days, the nation had lived in booths to remind them of God’s provision for the nation of Israel For seven days they rejoiced in the ____________________. The eighth day was a special Sabbath sunday priest would draw water from the pool of Siloam and take it to the temple to the altar. The people began to sing (Isa. 12:3), â€Å"With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation. † At this point Jesus began to preach: â€Å"Is anyone thirsty? . As they are singing and pouring water, Jesus disrupts the ceremony with a loud voice. Jesus is either lunatic or lord The invitation is come and drink Koilias – inward parts Organ of nourishment, ____________________. Organ of reproduction, ____________________. Organ of direction, ____________________. The hidden innermost recesses of the kardia (heart), the seat of the intellect, emotions, and will, i. e. , the real person. Whose koilias? ____________________. Out of the givers belly will flow living water. He spoke of the Holy Spirit as God pouring out. ___________________ – He that believes, will be in dwelt with the Holy Spirit and gives the fruits, gifts, and fullness. This refers to rivers not belly. Verse 39 is a footnote that explains and adds to the text. As the rock produced water that nourished Israel in the wilderness so shall the Holy Spirit fills us What the Holy Spirit brings indwells the believer – Romans 5:5 fills for service – Eph. 5:18 gives quality life – Gal. 5:22–33 illuminates – John 14:26 secures heaven – Eph. 1:13–14 The Response of the Multitude (7:40–53) Divided ____________________ (7:40–43). On hearing his words, some of the people said, ‘Surely this man is the Prophet. ’ Others said, ‘He is the Christ. ’ Still others asked, ‘How can the Christ come from Galilee? Does not the Scripture say that the Christ will come from David’s family and from Bethlehem, the town where David lived? ’ Thus the people were divided because of Jesus. † Jesus always divides the people into two groups – ____________________. People began to look at Jesus ____________________ after He disrupted the great procession. They did not really search His birthplace. They thought He was born In galilee Schisma – division – comes from the verb to rend. There is now a clear split in the crowd. He is either accepted or rejected No middle ground Divided officers (7:44–46). â€Å"Some wanted to seize him, but no one laid a hand on him. Finally the temple guards went back to the chief priests and Pharisees, who asked them, ‘Why didn’t you bring him in? ’ ‘No one ever spoke the way this man does,’ the guards declared. † What was true of the crowds was true of the officers they were divided Divided Sanhedrin (7:47–53). â€Å"‘You mean he has deceived you also? ’ the Pharisees retorted. ‘Has any of the rulers or of the Pharisees believed in him? No! But this mob that knows nothing of the law—there is a curse on them. ’ Nicodemus, who had gone to Jesus earlier and who was one of their own number, asked, ‘Does our law condemn anyone without first hearing him to find out what he is doing? ’ They replied, ‘Are you from Galilee, too? Look into it, and you will find that a prophet does not come out of Galilee. ’† Nicodemus was one of the leaders of the Jews who Believed on Jesus The response of the Pharisees may be interpreted in two ways. They may be urging Nicodemus to read the scriptures and see that no prophet had ever appeared in Galilee. This of course is not true. Jonah, Hosea, Nahum, Elijah, Elisha, and Amos came from Galilee. Jonah came from around Nazareth. â€Å"Search† did not refer to the Scriptures but the place. â€Å"From your knowledge of Galilee, is it the kind of place to produce a prophet? † The same attitude as Nathanael first had. Went to their own home – they had been living in booths and the feast was over so home. They went back to live in their houses. Jesus had confounded them. WhT ELSE COULD THEY DO. Review Why is Jesus called â€Å"the Heavenly One† in this chapter? Describe the Feast of Tabernacles. Why did Jesus’ half brothers want him to go to Jerusalem? Who were these brethren (v. 3–5)? Why did Jesus go up to this feast? What time of year was the Feast of Tabernacles? What did Jesus mean by the use of â€Å"belly†? What was the response of the multitude to Jesus’ action at the Feast of Tabernacles? Christ – The Light of the World Outline Chapter 8 Christ, the Lord of an Immoral Woman (8:1–11) A snare produced (8:1–6). â€Å"But Jesus went to the Mount of Olives. At dawn he appeared again in the temple courts; where all the people gathered around him, and he sat down to teach them. The teachers of the law and the Pharisees brought in a woman caught in adultery. They made her stand before the group and said to Jesus, ‘Teacher, this woman was caught in the act of adultery. In the Law Moses commanded us to stone such women. Now what do you say? ’ They were using this question as a trap, in order to have a basis for accusing him. But Jesus bent down and started to write on the ground with his finger. † Introduction There is a major textual problem in Chapter 8. 7:53–8:11 is missing in some ancient manuscripts. Some translations either put in a disclaimer or a footnote. Arguments for authenticity Internal argument It is consistent with the ____________________. It is consistent with the ____________________. Documents the story of the woman caught in adultery was cited in the third century Apostolic Constitutions. Church Fathers. It was considered authentic by Jerome, Ambrose, and Augustine. Augustine tells why it is missing – some he calls â€Å"weak in the faith† feared their wives would use it to ____________________. This was an obvious trap to put Jesus on the horns of a dilemma. Stone her – lose his title as ____________________. Let her go – be in opposition ____________________. Remember the situation. Vacation atmosphere may be easier for ____________________. Living in booths, easier to catch someone in the act of adultery or ____________________. Early morning – orthrou – ____________________. It was common for a Rabbi to teach ____________________. If they had been interested in justice they would have taken her ____________________. They brought only the woman. Normally she would have been taken to her husband, or even before a court. The word for adultery is micheumoen which always refers to sexual infidelity involving married people neither ____________________. She was put in the ____________________. Where is the man? The reference to the law of Moses was ____________________. Deut. 22:22–24, â€Å"If a man is found sleeping with another man’s wife, both the man who slept with her and the woman must die. † Stoning We often think of ____________________. The Greek word is for a stone about the ____________________. The person would be held down on the ground and the one who cast the first stone was ____________________. The Dilemma If Jesus had said release her, he would have – ____________________. If He said stone her, ____________________. ____________________. She had Broken the ____________________. Her word Her very character Broken ____________________. Broken ____________________. A sentence produced (8:6–11). â€Å"They were using this question as a trap, in order to have a basis for accusing him. But Jesus bent down and started to write on the ground with his finger. When they kept on questioning him, he straightened up and said to them, ‘If any one of you is without sin, let him be the first to throw a stone at her. ’ Again he stooped down and wrote on the ground. At this, those who heard began to go away one at a time, the older ones first, until only Jesus was left, with the woman still standing there. Jesus straightened up and asked her, ‘Woman, where are they? Has no one condemned you? ’ ‘No one, sir,’ she said. ‘Then neither do I condemn you,’ Jesus declared. ‘Go now and leave your life of sin. † Why write? To prove Jesus ____________________. Christ was ____________________ – Jesus did not need time to think. He was giving them time to think. â€Å"Lawgiver. † He wrote the first law on tablets of stone He is now telling the audience He has the right to ____________________. It was common for a teacher ____________________ as a visual aid. Two words for writing. Kategaphen – to write against. What did Jesus write? List of the ____________________. Armenian New Testament, â€Å"He himself, bowing His head, was writing with His finger on the earth to declare their sins; and they were seeing their several sins on the stones. † Jesus wrote the ____________________. Wrote the ____________________ who committed adultery with the woman. Wrote something about the ____________________. Egraphen – Jesus ____________________. Without sin – anamartetos One who has not sinned, or one who cannot sin although the latter meaning was never expressed in the New Testament. A. T. Roberston, â€Å"He who has not committed this same sin. † The one who is not in on this plot. Jewish leaders were all conspirators in this conflict. Being convicted by their own conscience – elegchomenoi – literally means to ____________________. The light was reminding these hardened scribes and Pharisees of their own history of sin. Katekrinen – to give judgment ____________________. Stoning was symbolic. Stoning by the Jews involved taking large rocks, raising them over one’s head with both hands and thrusting them down upon the victim. Sin no more – He condemned her sin but condoned her person. We condone ____________________. But condemn ____________________. Christ, the Light in Moral Darkness (8:12–30) Why light? ____________________ – four golden candelabras each with four golden bowls. The bowls had been filed with oil and lit. Contemporary observers claimed the light was so brilliant, it illuminated the entire city of Jerusalem. The memory would still be in the minds of his listeners. ____________________ that led Israel. â€Å"Light† is applied ____________________. ____________________ – He may have been teaching just before sunrise. Jesus, ____________________ which drove away the conspiring Pharisees and illuminated the heart of the woman taken in adultery. By revealing the Christ (8:12–20). When Jesus spoke again to the people, he said, ‘I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life. ’ The Pharisees challenged him, ‘Here you are, appearing as your own witness; your testimony is not valid. ’ Jesus answered, ‘Even if I testify on my own behalf, my testimo ny is valid, for I know where I came from and where I am going. But you have no idea where I come from or where I am going. You judge by human standards; I pass judgment on no one. But if I do judge, my decisions are right, because I am not alone. I stand with the Father, who sent me. In your own Law it is written that the testimony of two men is valid. I am one who testifies for myself; my other witness is the Father, who sent me. ’ Then they asked him, ‘Where is your father? ’ ‘You do not know me or my Father,’ Jesus replied. ‘If you knew me, you would know my Father also. ’ He spoke these words while teaching in the temple area near the place where the offerings were put. Yet no one seized him, because his time had not yet come. † According to the accepted rules of evidence one could not give witness for himself it must be verified in the presence of ____________________. There is life in light there is death in ____________________. The Pharisees said ouk alethes meaning his witness was not pertinent or irrelevant. It was like saying the sun is not shining if only one person sees it. The two witness of verse 16. Jesus Father Are There Not Twelve Hours In The Day? (11:9) The hour of the Son of Man’s shining (2:4; 12:23). The hour of the Savior’s suffering (7:30; 8:20; 17:1). The hour of the Seeker’s summons (1:39). The hour of the sinner’s salvation (4:6, 29). The hour of the supplicant’s certainty (4:52). The hour of the Saint’s service (19:27). The hour of the Shepherd’s sabbatical (13:1). The hour of the Soul’s sorrow (12:27; 16:21). The hour of the student’s scattering (16:32). The hour of the Sovereign’s showing (19:14). The hour of the son of God’s supremacy (5:25–29). (11:9) â€Å"Jesus answered, ‘are there not twelve hours of daylight? A man who walks by day will not stumble, for he sees by this world’s light. ’† Gegraptai – v. 17 perfect tense meaning it has been written in the past and stands written. By revealing the Father (8:21–27). â€Å"Once more Jesus said to them, ‘I am going away, and you will look for me, and you will die in your sin. Where I go, you cannot come. ’ This made the Jews ask, ‘Will he kill himself? Is that why he says, `Where I go, you cannot come’? ’ But he continued, ‘You are from below; I am from above. You are of this world; I am not of this world. I told you that you would die in your sins; if you do not believe that I am [the one I claim to be] you will indeed die in your sins. ’ ‘Who are you? ’ they asked. ‘Just what I have been claiming all along,’ Jesus replied. ‘I have much to say in judgment of you. But he who sent me is reliable, and what I have heard from him I tell the world. ’† The first use of sin is singular (8:21) hamartiai ____________________. Where as the second time He used the plural hamartiais (8:24) ____________________. Kill himself, v. 22 – it was widely held among Pharisees that anyone that killed himself would ____________________. By revealing the Cross (8:28–30). â€Å"So Jesus said, ‘When you have lifted up the Son of Man, then you will know that I am [the one I claim to be] and that I do nothing on my own but speak just what the Father has taught me. The one who sent me is with me; He has not left me alone, for I always do what pleases Him. ’ Even as He spoke, many put heir faith in Him. † Jesus constantly reminds them of the ____________________. He also constantly uses the term â€Å"____________________. † Here again Jesus refers to Himself, ____________________. People believed eis into Him ____________________. Christ – the Liberator of Moral Slavery (8:31–59) Bondage declared (8: 31–36). â€Å"To the Jews who had believed him, Jesus said, ‘If you hold to my teaching, you are really my disciples. Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free. ’ They answered him, ‘We are Abraham’s descendants and have never been slaves of anyone. How can you say that we shall be set free? Jesus replied, ‘I tell you the truth, everyone who sins is a slave to sin. Now a slave has no permanent place in the family, but a son belongs to it forever. So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed. ’† Jesus then talks to the believers. Some may have believed to salvation, v. 30. Others not, v. 31 – it is possible to be a professor and not ____________________ of salvation. True disciples are those who hold on to His teaching. Jews never in bondage. ____________________. ____________________. Jesus was not speaking of political bondage but ____________________. Doulos – slave to sin. cf. Romans chapters 6:6–8. Bondage explained (8:36–47). â€Å"‘So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed. I know you are Abraham’s descendants. Yet you are ready to kill me, because you have no room for my word. I am telling you what I have seen in the Father’s presence, and you do what you have heard from your father. ’ ‘Abraham is our father,’ they answered. ‘If you were Abraham’s children,’ said Jesus, ‘then you would do the things Abraham did. As it is, you are determined to kill me, a man who has told you the truth that I heard from God. Abraham did not do such things. You are doing the things your own father does. ‘We are not illegitimate children,’ they protested. ‘The only Father we have is God himself. ’ Jesus said to them, ‘If God were your Father, you would love me, for I came from God and now am here. I have not come on my own; but he sent me. Why is my language not clear to you? Because you are unable to hear what I say. You belong to your father, the devil, and you want to carry out your father’s desire. He was a murderer from the beginning, not holding to the truth, for there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the father of lies. Yet because I tell the truth, you do not believe me! Can any of you prove me guilty of sin? If I am telling the truth, why don’t you believe me? He who belongs to God hears what God says. The reason you do not hear is that you do not belong to God. ’† Free indeed, ____________________. Abraham was a friend of God so if we are his children, we are ____________________. Note the dialectic – they are Abraham’s ____________________, but Jesus is God’s ____________________. Not born of fornication – may be a jab about the birth of Jesus. There are only two possibilities. Jesus was either born through ____________________ or ____________________. The prophet Hosea disagreed with the Jews v. 41 he said the nation had become the ____________________. Hosea 1:9–2:4. Jesus says that they are children of Satan, v. 44. Outwardly religious inwardly ____________________. Bondage demonstrated (8:48–59). â€Å"The Jews answered him, ‘Aren’t we right in saying that you are a Samaritan and demon-possessed? ’ ‘I am not possessed by a demon,’ said Jesus, ‘but I honor my Father and you dishonor me. I am not seeking glory for myself; but there is one who seeks it, and he is the judge. I tell you the truth, if anyone keeps my word, he will never see death. ’ At this the Jews exclaimed, ‘Now we know that you are demon-possessed! Abraham died and so did the prophets, yet you say that if anyone keeps your word, he will never taste death. Are you greater than our father Abraham? He died, and so did the prophets. Who do you think you are? ’ Jesus replied, ‘If I glorify myself, my glory means nothing. My Father, whom you claim as your God, is the one who glorifies me. Though you do not know him, I know him. If I said I did not, I would be a liar like you, but I do know him and keep his word. Your father Abraham rejoiced at the thought of seeing my day; he saw it and was glad. ’ ‘You are not yet fifty years old,’ the Jews said to him, ‘and you have seen Abraham! ’ ‘I tell you the truth,’ Jesus answered, ‘before Abraham was born, I am! ’ At this, they picked up stones to stone him, but Jesus hid himself, slipping away from the temple grounds. ’† The Jews responded by name calling (good when no facts support your conclusions). ____________________ v. 48. One of the strongest insults one could make to a Jew. There was also a play on words in Aramaic, Shomeroni meaning Samaritan and Shomeroni could also mean â€Å"a child of the devil. † ____________________ v. 48. Abraham rejoiced to see my day. In Paradise before ____________________. From the gospel of Nicodemus and The Acts of Pilate Abraham rejoicing to see the light of the approaching Christ when Jesus descended into hell between the cross and the resurrection. Abraham rejoiced by faith knowing that Messiah would be ____________________. Abraham’s ____________________ in Genesis 15:8–21. His laugh at Isaac’s birth was not a laugh of unbelief but belief that the Messiah would come through Isaac. Gen. 24:1 – Abraham had a ____________________ into the future of the nation. Gen. 17:1, vision when Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to him and said, â€Å"I am God almighty; walk before me and be blameless. † ____________________ Genesis 18 Jesus ate with Abraham then later Abraham interceded before the destruction on the cities of the plains. Not 50 years old Could be his actual age – ____________________. 50 years was the age of Levitical retirement. The point you are not old enough to retire, much less ____________________. General term meaning old. I Am – they took up stones again – not little stones but big stones. They are in the middle of construction at the temple and there must have been many large stones around. They came first to stone a ____________________ and ended up trying to stone a ____________________. Review What two persons did the Jews want to stone? Why did Jesus write on the ground? Where was the man who was in adultery with the woman? What was the source of the statement, â€Å"I am the Light†? What did Jesus mean â€Å"without sin† (verse 7)? Who did Jesus suggest was the Father of the Jews? Why did the Jews call Jesus a Samaritan? How does this chapter prove the Deity of Jesus? How did Jesus pass through those attempting to stone Him? Christ – The Light of the World Chapter 9 The Healing of the Blind Man (9:1–7) â€Å"As he went along, he saw a man blind from birth. His disciples asked him, ‘Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind? ’ ‘Neither this man nor his parents sinned,’ said Jesus, ‘but this happened so that the work of God might be displayed in his life. As long as it is day, we must do the work of him who sent me. Night is coming, when no one can work. While I am in the world, I am the light of the world. Having said this, he spit on the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the man’s eyes. ‘Go,’ he told him, ‘wash in the Pool of Siloam’ (this word means Sent). So the man went and washed, and came home seeing. † Introduction Two major themes, light and opposition. It begins wh en Jesus becomes the ____________________ to the man born blind and ends with the healed man receiving ____________________. The Jewish bureaucracy rejected the light and persecuted those who responded to the light. Compare chapters 8 and 9. Jesus the light – ____________________. Jesus the Liberator – ____________________. Jesus the sinless one – ____________________. Jesus the â€Å"I am – I AM† ____________________. Ballo, (8:59) aorist active subjunctive, suggesting that some had already begun to throw stones. They are willing to break the Sabbath to kill Jesus even while He was in the temple proper. How did Jesus hide Himself? He became ____________________. Blind ____________________. Jesus ____________________, or the ____________________ Jesus and the man with stones. You would think that Jesus would be running from the stones but instead as He walks out the gate He takes time to heal a blind beggar. He had put His trust in the Father. The beautiful gate faces north bronze doors with a vine on it. The gate kept the blind and lame ____________________. In this miracle the person healed has been blind from birth. The early Christian writers used this miracle as an ____________________. Question: Who sinned? If blind from birth then it was hard for the blindness ____________________. Several Old Testament passages say that the children will suffer the consequences of ____________________. Exodus 34:7 â€Å"Maintaining love to thousands, and forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin. Yet he does not leave the guilty unpunished; he punishes the children and their children for the sins of the fathers to the third and fourth generation. † Num. 14:18 â€Å"The Lord is slow to anger, abounding in love and forgiving sin and rebellion. Yet he does not leave the guilty unpunished; he punishes the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation. † Deut 5:9 â€Å"You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me. † Jer. 1:29 â€Å"In those days people will no longer say, ‘The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge. Instead, everyone will die for his own sin; whoever eats sour grapes—his own teeth will be set on edge. ’† Eze. 18:2 â€Å"What do you people mean by quoting this proverb about the land of Israel: ‘Th e farther eat sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge? ’† A popular Jewish thought was that sin did not begin at birth but ____________________. The man had sinned prior to his birth. Pre-existence of souls. In their ____________________ they could sin. There are other reasons than sin for deformities. This man was born blind so ____________________. Why did Jesus use clay and spittle? Spittle was believed to have special ____________________. It was used in two miracles. Today when you hurt your finger, you put it in your mouth. Kneading clay with spittle is specifically forbidden by the Sabbath laws of the Jews. Jesus was again challenging the authority over ____________________. He is reminding that man was originally made from the ____________________. Why send the man so far to wash? The pool of Bethesda was much closer than the pool of Siloam. Wash – go ____________________ in the water of Siloam. The answer is seen in the typical significance of this pool from which water was drawn on the eighth day following the feast of Tabernacles. In that ceremony the waters of Siloam were likened unto ____________________. Isa. 12:3. Siloam means sent. One of Jesus’ names is Shiloah, i. e. , sent one, Genesis 49:10. To ____________________. Imagine a blind man with clay in his eyes trying to get to the pool ? of a mile away. After he washed he returned seeing. The Witness of the Blind Man (9:8–34) Introduction to this section. Verses of progression of faith. 11 – a man who is ____________________. 17 – ____________________. 31 – a ____________________ who does His will. 36, 38 – a ____________________. Progression of faith ____________________ Jesus (v. 11) Told ____________________ (v. 15) Testimony ____________________ (v. 25) ____________________ His faith (v. 30–33) Becomes a ____________________ (v. 36) Finally is a ____________________ (v. 38) Five descending steps away from faith. Weak faith (Romans 4:19–20) Little faith (Matthew 14) Faithless – natural Doubt Unbelief – the opposite of belief. Witness to his friends (9:8–12). His neighbors and those who had formerly seen him begging asked, ‘Isn’t this the same man who used to sit and beg? ’ Some claimed that he was. Others said, ‘No, he only looks like him. ’ But he himself insisted, ‘I am the man. ’ ‘How then were your eyes opened? â⠂¬â„¢ they demanded. He replied, ‘The man they call Jesus made some mud and put it on my eyes. He told me to go to Siloam and wash. So I went and washed, and then I could see. ’ ‘Where is this man? ’ they asked him. ‘I don’t know,’ he said. † Who used to observe him – theoreo theoroutes – present active participle. Some ____________________ â€Å"He is like him† – ouchi denoting a vigorous enial concerning the identity of the man. If people that knew him did not believe it was he, it is not surprising that the Pharisees later questioned if the man had ever been blind. The man knew ____________________ – aneblepsa – aorist active indicative of anablepo meaning to see and continue seeing. He did not know where Jesus was because after Jesus anointed his eyes with clay, the man walked ? of a mile and Jesus went His way. Witness to the Pharisees (9:13–18). â€Å"They brought to the Phari sees the man who had been blind. Now the day on which Jesus had made the mud and opened the man’s eyes was a Sabbath. Therefore the Pharisees also asked him how he had received his sight. ‘He put mud on my eyes,’ the man replied, ‘and I washed, and now I see. ’ Some of the Pharisees said, ‘This man is not from God, for he does not keep the Sabbath. ’ But others asked, ‘How can a sinner do such miraculous signs? ’ So they were divided. Finally they turned again to the blind man, ‘What have you to say about him? It was your eyes he opened. ’ The man replied, ‘He is a prophet. ’ The Jews still did not believe that he had been blind and had received his sight until they sent for the man’s parents. † If this was a miracle then the Jewish leaders needed to listen to Jesus. If they listen to Jesus they must ____________________. They must disprove the miracle so the Jewish leaders must stop talking to the man and go ____________________. Verse 16 Jesus brings ____________________. Witness to His family (9:18–23). â€Å"The Jews still did not believe that he had been blind and had received his sight until they sent for the man’s parents. ‘Is this your son? ’ they asked. ‘Is this the one you say was born blind? How is it that now he can see? ’ ‘We know he is our son,’ the parents answered, ‘and we know he was born blind. But how he can see now, or who opened his eyes, we don’t know. Ask him. He is of age; he will speak for himself. ’ His parents said this because they were afraid of the Jews, for already the Jews had decided that anyone who acknowledged that Jesus was the Christ would be put out of the synagogue. That was why his parents said, ‘He is of age; ask him. ’† The three question asked the parents Is this ____________________? Was he ____________________? How does he ____________________? These three questions come out as one in the Greek, perhaps in an attempt to confuse the parents into making a misstatement. They are looking for some loophole. The parents are scared to death – ephobounto – they feared (9:22) is imperfect middle and refers to ____________________. They are probably thrilled that this son is healed but not the prospect of excommunication from the synagogue. They will not even stand up for their child. Put out of the synagogue. Ostracized in the Jewish community living in Jerusalem, that meant ____________________. Three kinds or stages of excommunication. ____________________ – lasted from seven to thirty days, and to some degree shunned. ____________________ – at least thirty days up to sixty days. Often accompanied by curses and sometimes proclaimed with the blasting of a horn. Everyone would stay six to seven feet away from them and if they dies stones were thrown at the coffin. ____________________ – indefinite time – treated as if they were dead. No communication at all. It seems the man healed will be cast out before the day is over. Witness to His foes (9:24–34). â€Å"A second time they summoned the man who had been blind. ‘Give glory to God,’ they said. ‘We know this man is a sinner. ’ He replied, ‘Whether he is a sinner or not, I don’t know. One thing I do know. I was blind but now I see! Then they asked him, ‘What did he do to you? How did he open your eyes? ’ He answered, ‘I have told you already and you did not listen. Why do you want to hear it again? Do you want to become his disciples, too? ’ Then they hurled insults at him and said, ‘You are this fellow’s disciple ! We are disciples of Moses! We know that God spoke to Moses, but as for this fellow, we don’t even know where he comes from. ’ The man answered, ‘Now that is remarkable! You don’t know where he comes from, yet he opened my eyes. We know that God does not listen to sinners. He listens to the godly man who does his will. Nobody has ever heard of opening the eyes of a man born blind. If this man were not from God, he could do nothing. ’ To this they replied, ‘You were steeped in sin at birth; how dare you lecture us! ’ And they threw him out. † The progression of opposition. Stage one – people ____________________ (vs. 8–9) Stage two – people are ____________________. Stage three – they attack ____________________ (v. 16). Stage four – they create ____________________. Stage five – ____________________ – you are dumb. Stage six – they accuse you of ____________________. Stage seven – ____________________. Revile – more than verbal abuse, ____________________. Give God the praise – an insinuation that ____________________ in context was an idiom meaning, â€Å"Speak the truth in the presence and the name of God. † First used by Joshua speaking to Achan calling on him to confess his sin to the nation. Joshua 7:19, â€Å"Then Joshua said to Achan, ‘My son, give glory to the Lord, the God of Israel, and give him the praise. Tell me what you have done; do not hide if from me. ’† The amazing thing is that this man refuses to deny the miracle and he ____________________. The man’s argument is based upon three commonly held views. God does not answer ____________________. God does and will hear the prayers of those ____________________. No one ever had before healed someone born ____________________. If Jesus was not from God ____________________. The man is cast out Threw him out ____________________. Excommunicated – cast out – it did not take a formal meeting of the whole Sanhedrin, as few as ten men could meet to sentence a man this way. The Worship of the Blind Man (9:35–41) â€Å"Jesus heard that they had thrown him out, and when he found him, he said, ‘Do you believe in the Son of Man? ’ ‘Who is he, sir? ’ the man asked. Tell me so that I may believe in him. ’ Jesus said, ‘You have now seen him; in fact, he is the one speaking with you. ’ Then the man said, ‘Lord, I believe,’ and he worshiped him. Jesus said, ‘For judgment I have come into this world, so that the blind will see and those who see will become blind. â⠂¬â„¢ Some Pharisees who were with him heard him say this and asked, ‘What? Are we blind too? ’ Jesus said, ‘If you were blind, you would not be guilty of sin; but now that you claim you can see, your guilt remains. ’† Word got around and Jesus found him. Note Jesus does not use Son of God but ____________________. Do you believe? suggests an ____________________ in the Greek. â€Å"You do believe, don’t you? † The man did not know what to believe or who to believe in. Worshiped – here prosekunesen – ____________________. The blind shall see and the sighted ____________________. Review At what location did healing of the blind man take place? Give three ways Jesus might have hid himself? Give three reasons Jesus may have used clay to heal? How did the faith of the blind man grow? What three questions were asked of the parents? How was the healed man excommunicated? What are the seven stages of opposition to Jesus? What does the blind man do when he meets Jesus?

Huntington Disease: An overview

Huntington Disease: An overview Huntington Disease Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant disorder, characterized as disease of progressive brain degeneration in late adulthood with subsequent brain atrophy. The affected areas of degeneration are the basal ganglia, which play an important role in the control of movement. This degeneration causes various motor problems such as behavioral abnormality, chorea, incoordination and dystonia (Folstein, 1989). George Huntington was the first man that described HD in the 19th century in detail especially its hereditary nature of chorea (Huntington, 1872). New findings have shown that HD involves the mutant protein huntigtin. This protein is translated from a CAG repeat forming a polyglutamine strand of variable length at the N-terminus. The molecular mechanism of HD is not fully understood but new findings using animal models have provided valuable information. The gene associated with HD is termed the HD gene and can be found on the short arm of chromosome four. As the disease is autosomal dominant, only one HD gene is sufficient to cause the disorder. The HD gene is composed of a trinucleotide CAG repeats.The alleles of the HD gene are grouped as normal, intermediate or HD-causing. Each group has a characteristic number of CAG repeats. The normal alleles have 26 or fewer CAG repeats whereas intermediate alleles have 27-35 CAG repeats (Potter et al., 2004). Carriers of normal alleles and intermediate alleles are not at risk of developing HD. However, individuals with intermediate alleles are at risk of giving birth to a child with an allele of HD-causing characteristic (Semaka et al., 2006). Thus, intermediate alleles are also termed mutable alleles as they may mutate to cause HD phenotype in the offspring. The reason for the mutation lies in the instability of the replication. The longer the number of trinucleotides, the greater the insta bility. In 73% of the cases, the instability leads to an expansion of the trinucleotide repeats and thus an increase in the risk of developing HD whereas only 23% show a contraction of the number of repeats associated with a low risk of developing HD (Chattapadhyay et al., 2005; Djousse et al.,2004, MacDonald et al., 1999). HD-causing alleles usually contain 36 or more CAG repeats and pose the carrier at an increased risk of developing HD. HD-causing alleles have been categorized into two groups: Reduced-penetrance HD-causing alleles and Full-penetrance HD-causing alleles. Reduced-penetrance or incomplete HD-causing alleles are composed of 36-39 trinucleotide CAG repeats (Rubinsztein, 2003; Rubinsztein et al., 1996; McNeil et al., 1997). Carriers of this allele may be asymptomatic and not show the symptoms. On the other hand, full-penetrance HD-causing alleles are characterized by 40 or more CAG repeats and carriers of this allele have a high probability of developing HD (Rubinsztein et al., 1996; McNeil et al., 1997; Langebehn et al., 2004). The instability of the trinucleotide repeats occurs more often in males (spermatogenesis) than in females (oogenesis). This phenomenon can also be observed in the offspring with paternal inheritance of the HD gene where the onset of HD is more potent and occurs in the early youth. In addition, families with no history of HD may develop HD via new mutations arising by the amplification of trinucleotide CAG repeats and most of these new mutations come from the paternal side (Anca et al., 2004; Squitieri et al., 2003). Somatic instability of CAG repeats can also arise and have been observed in human beings as well as animal models. Furthermore, identical twins demonstrate different clinical syndromes and have almost a similar age of onset. Twins that are carriers of homozygous alleles have no difference in the age of onset (Georgiou et al., 1999). Carriers of the HD allele are clinically healthy before the onset of the HD disease symptoms. However, in the so called presymptomatic phase, there are slight changes occurring in motor skills, cognition and personality (Walker, 2007). The onset of HD disease symptoms usually occurs in the mean age of onset which is 35 to 44 years (Bates et al., 2002). In 66%, initial symptoms are abnormalities in the neurological function or psychiatric changes. Other symptoms are minor involountary movements, difficulty in mental planning, depression and slight changes in the eye movement. In 25% of HD carriers, the appearance of initial symptoms such as chorea, dysphagia and gait disturbance is delayed until after 50 years with the disease symptoms taking a more prolonged and gentle course. At the same time, the lifestyle of the affected individuals does not change and they can still continue with their current employment. The initial onset of the symptoms is followed by an increased symptomatic chorea, difficulty in controlling voluntary movement as well as exacerbation of dysarthria and dysphagia. As a result of the worsening symptoms, the affected individuals must leave employment and may require additional help to cope with some activities in their daily life. The final stage of HD demonstrates severe motor disability. The symptoms have worsened so much that so that the carriers cannot deal with their impairment at all and require the assistance of other people. The carriers are mute and incontinent and show a median survival time of 15 to 18 years after the first onset of HD related symptoms. The life expectancy is suggested to be at 54 to 55 years (Harper, 2005). The diagnosis of HD is based on mutation analysis. For this purpose, PCR based methods can be utilized which spots alleles up to about 115 CAG repeats. Likewise, southern blot is employed for alleles with more than 115 CAG (Potter et al., 2004). Such large expansions are linked with juvenile-onset of HD triggered by homozygous HD genotypes. Moderate-to-severe Huntingtons disease illustrate larger frontal horns of the lateral ventricles and deficiency in striatal volume when routine MRI and CT scans are performed (Stober et al., 1984). However, scans are not helpful for the diagnosis of early disorder. Functional MRI studies and data from PET have displayed that affected brains started to alter before the onset of symptoms (Kunig et al., 2000, Paulsen et al., 2004). Using these techniques, it is possible to recognize caudate atrophy as easrly as 11 years before the expected onset of the disease, and it is possible to recognze putaminal atrophy 9 years before the expected onset (Aylwar d et al., 2004). Tensor-based magnetic resonance morphometry demonstrates increasing loss of striatal loss in individuals who are presymptomatic carrying the HD gene and do not show evidence of progresson by clinical or neuropsychological tests over 2 years (Kipps et al., 2005). Genetic testing for HD is only considered by 5% of HD risk carriers due to family planning and employment. Many HD risk carriers do not undergo testing as there is no efficient treatment for HD available (Laccone et al., 1999). Moreover, predictive testing can have psychological consequences for HD risk carriers leading to suicide due to mental depression (Almqvist et al., 2003). Therefore, it is crucial to identify suicidal patterns in young HD risk carriers and give pretest counseling. Epidemiological studies suggest that HD is most prevalent in the white Caucasian population with 5-7 people affected per 100000. There are also exceptions in areas where the entire population is derived from a few founders such as in Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela or Tasmania (Pridmore, 1990). Across most of Asia and Africa the incidences of HD are much lower. The reason for the various distribution of HD incidence lies in the CAG repeats. White Caucasians have a much higher frequency of HD alleles that are composed of 28-35 CAG repeats (Kremer, 2002; Harper Jones, 2002). The high frequency of this HD alleles in the white population is not fully understood. The HD gene may give a health benefit as in other genetic disorders such as sickle cell trait. It is thought that the HD gene is associated with a lower risk of developing cancer, possibly due to the upregulation of TP53 in HD disease (Bae et al., 2005; DiFiglia etal., 1995). The pathogenesis of HD involving the protein huntingtin is poorly understood. Even though orthologs of that protein have been detected in zebrafish, drosophilia and slime moulds, the role of the protein is still unknown (Jones, 2002). Huntingtin has a high dominance in all human cells. Most of it is expressed in the brain and testes whereas heart, lungs and liver show moderate amounts of it (DiFiglia et al.,1995). One hypothesis suggests that happloinsufficiency plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of HD. This would mean that insufficient amounts of huntingtin protein are generated for the cells to function properly (Ambrose et al.,1994). However, this hypothesis also have been refuted by other findings which suggest that a deficiency of HD gene in man does not cause HD in man (Rubinsztein, 2003; Ambrose et al., 1994). This is also supported by transgenic mouse models. One allele of the HD gene does not cause HD in transgenic mouse models and complete absence of the HD gene is linked to mortality in mouse embryos (Squitieri et al., 2003). Thus, new findings explain the pathogenesis of HD as a toxic gain of function derived from the mutant HD gene. Likewise, this phenomenon can also be observed in other genetic diseases such as muscular atrophy or dentatorubropallidoluysian (Ambrose et al., 1994; Andrew et al., 1993). There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim of happloinsufficiency in any of these genetic disease but an accumulation of polyglutamines with subsequent neurodegeneration. This is further supported by the relationship between length of polyglutamine repeat and age of onset. Longer polyglutamine repeat chains are associated with more aggressive progression of HD disease symptoms and the juvenile onset of HD (Mahant et al., 2003; Squitieri et al., 2002; Forproud et al., 1999). The biological structure of polyglutamine gives more insight into the toxic gain of function in HD. Experiments performed in vitro show that polyglutamine aggregates by forming dimmers, trimers and oligomers. For this aggregation to be efficient, a minimum number of 37 glutamine residues in sequence is required. The rate of aggregation increases as more glutamine repeats are added to the long chain of glutamine polypeptide. This in vitro observation may be an explaination why some individuals experience late onset of HD while others have a juvenile onset of HD. Some key points have been discovered in the mechanism explaining how aggregated polyglutamine leads to neuronal dysfunction. The mutant huntingtin protein is more prone to proteleolysis than its wild type counterpart. This higher risk of protein degradation creates truncated proteins, which lead to the formation of aggregates of truncated huntingtin. Additionally, shorter glutamine repeats are less likely to form steric clashes than longer ones. It is believed that these aggregates are toxic and locate in the cell nucleus. (Saudou et al., 1998; Peter et al., 1999; Wellington et al., 2000). Eventually, the rate of aggregation overcomes the rate at which proteosomes or autophagic vacuolization degrade the proteins in the cell. This further exacerbates the formation of aggregated protein in conjunction with the ability of aggregates to recruit normal body proteins to their matrix. Examples of normal body proteins are those proteins that interact with the wild type form of huntingtin dir ectly (Mills et al., 2005). Some papers also propose that the protein huntingtin may exert not only a toxic gain of function but also a dominant negative effect on the typical function of the wild type protein huntingtin. This way, mutant huntingtin could interfere with proteins that regulate transcription, apoptosis, tumor suppression or axonal transport (Bae et al., 2005; Busch et al., 2003; Charrin et al., 2005; Gauthier et al., 2004 , Hickey Chesselet, 2003). Lastly, one other hypothesis states that mutant huntingtin may interfere in neuron-neuron interaction. 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