Prostate Cancer Causes And Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

prostatic crabby person Causes And Treatwork forcet Health And Social dispense EssayThis paper will investigate some(prenominal) different faculty member journal articles and some popular media articles that argon about prostatic crabby person. These articles plow prostatic gland gland genus crabmeat causes, (hypothetical and known), incurion rules, and treat manpowert options. A peer of the articles similarly charge on the cost of treat workforcet for patients, as well as the put on the lines involved with the differing methods of intercession. some(prenominal) treat ment options for prostate pubic louse be motionless world studied. This essay will critic tout ensembley analyze and comp ar prostate hobocer detection methods, (such as Prostate-specific antigen or (prostate specific antigen) attempts) interference options, and the differing success or failure of each method, as well as focusing on the increasing cost of treatment that patients be force d to pay. Some of the articles overly suggest that much resources and more than reading atomic frame 18 needed to inspection and repair lower the deathrate tread from prostate crab louse. This paper will search what is cosmos d peerless to serving lower the mortality rate as well as what is being d one(a) to service increase the rate of early detection of prostate malignant neoplastic disease.Keywords Prostate-specific antigenProstate pubic louse Causes and Treatment Options functional in immediatelys Scientifically Advanced auberge fit in to the Prostate Cancer Foundation, prostate cancer occurs when cells within the prostate grow uncontrollably, creating small tumors. The limit cancer refers to a condition in which the regulation of cell evolution is mixed-up and cells grow uncontrollably. Prostate cancer is a disease of epizootic proportions. 1 in 6 American men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer and new faux pass are diagnosed every 2.7 minutes (Cha rles 2009). As prostate cancer poses such a threat to men worldwide, more time and money should be spent to improve upon the existing methods and engineering as well as invested towards pedagogy and awakeness curriculums. The incident that these statistics are real is why prostate cancer awareness and education is so essential because many deaths could beget been prevented if the cases had been detected at earlier stages of the cancer. Prostate cancers specific cause is lifelessness unknown, however scientists hypothesize that genes play a role, because the risk component for getting prostate cancer is well high if you substantiate a family history of it. The two main methods used for prostate cancer top are rectal examinations and prostate-specific antigen (prostate specific antigen) kind examen. Rathus, Nevid, and Rathus (2008) remind men 50 years and older that the American Cancer Society recommends that men receive annual rectal examinations and prostate specific an tigen inception tests. Treatment methods for prostate cancer are limited, entirely new technology has allowed for a high survival rate because of early detection.The first stagecoach of stakes is that the be of prostate cancer treatment hire gone up substantially in the last 20 years according to USA Today reporter Lisa Szabo. In her article entitled Patients bear brunt as cancer spending wins $90 billion she discusses how these rising be watch been drive by forces such as new do drugss, robotic surgeries, and radiation sickness techniques (2010). In her conclusions she sight that from 1991 to 2002 the cost of treatment for cancer doubled. These increases are unsustainable claims John Seffrin, CEO of the American Cancer Society. Because of the increasing costs of treatment the American Cancer smart tick off can only help 1 out of 6 patients as opposed to in the past when they were able to help 1 in 5. When one takes into account how many cancer patients are in the un ite States, then they can realize how many tidy sum are renunciation treatment because they are uninsu blood-red and can non afford treatment. It is tragic that the rising costs are exiting in preventable deaths. In an new(prenominal) article reviewed, Krahn, Zagorski, Laporte, Alibhai, Bremner, Tomlinson, Warde, and Naglie, (2009) set out to discover healthcare costs in relation to prostate cancer. They inquiryed draw a bead on medical costs for around 42,000 men over the proficiency of the disease. The costs they appoint were between $2,000 to around $16,000 dependent on where the mortal patient was in the treatment process and how advanced their cancer was. The resulting end was that prostate cancer costs are highest around two events, cancer diagnosis and cancer death (Krahn et als. 2009).The second point of engross is that drug bon ton Roches Avastin a prostate cancer drug recently hit headlines and non in a good delegacy. According to the Wall avenue diary, Roch e Holdings released a statement that said that Avastin had failed in late stage prostate cancer trials. This news was not good for stockholders who are estimated to hasten lost projected sales of 7.48 billion dollars. The other bad news is that people who have been using Avastin an antibody for treatment of cancer, are as well paying for something that is not as powerful as they have been lead to believe.The third point of interest is that although scientists know what causes cancer, new steps are being do to discovering what specifically causes prostate cancer, and other types of cancer. In an exciting article in Science News, author L. Sanders reviews a new make that suggests probable golf links between self-renewing stem cells and prostate cancer (2010). The study suggests that genes are the culprit. presuppose about cancer as a disease of stem cells, Mutations in these cells can cause normal stem cells to lose their regularized behavior and alternatively turn into an inci pient cancer (Sanders 2010). The seekers in like manner found that prostate create from raw material cells called Basal stem cells are the most(prenominal) likely culprit in laboratory tests through with(p) on mice. In all the research they have done, Basal stem cells are what drives the cancer, regardless of the type of mutation says Owen Witte, a researcher at the University of California. A specific gene called Bmi-1 plays a epoch-making role in Basal stem cells renewal process, when Bmi-1 activity was reduced, the cells were no longer able to self renew, nor did they form tumors (Sanders 2010).The fourth point of interest is that studies show family history of prostate cancer as one of the starring(p) risk factors associated with prostate cancer. As Damber and Aus (2008) discover while researching prostate cancer, family history is a large factor when assessing ones one-on-one risk factors. They hypothesize that one apparent reason for this is that genes are passed down biologically from father to son. They similarly believe that the cancer causing genes mutate, entirely the reason(s) why are still unknown. According to the textbook authors, Rathus, Nevid, and Rathus (2008) consuming high amounts of animal fats has been shown to increase ones risk of getting prostate cancer. They also discuss how the chances are higher in b leave out males than in white males. One thing Damber and Aus (2008) did note in their study was that the number of cases of prostate cancer was higher in men in urbanized nations as opposed to Asiatic men. The resulting studies showed that lifestyle differences as well as exposure to radiation were the reasons for the different statistics between Asian men and those in more urbanized nations. They also discuss how prostate specific antigen and other screening methods are still being studied too analyze just how powerful they literally are. Once men are suspected of having prostate cancer, the most common method of diagnos is is a biopsy which is surgically removing a small portion of the suspected tumor for examination. approximately patients once they are diagnosed with the disease, are concerned with how concentrated the cancer is, because it is this factor more than any other that determines how long they have to live. In other words, the disease establishes the prognosis more than the choice of treatment. (Damber and Aus 2008) Treatment methods are alter and all have risks involved, entirely as the authors pointed out, most treatment plans are based on factors such as the prostate specific antigen number, (how high or low) the level is, the size and placement of the tumor, as well as the patients individual life expectancy. Treatment plans also vary depending on if the cancer is localize to just the prostate, or if it has advanced (grown) within the prostate, or if the malignant cells have spread to other parts of the body more serious treatment options will be considered. Damber and Aus (20 08) theorize that treatment methods for both localized and advanced prostate cancer will remain the same for the time being.The ordinal point of interest is the actual treatment procedures that are currently used. According to K. Charles in her article about prostate cancer in the cursory News, NY, she discusses the three major ways to treat prostate cancer. Surgery, external tool radiation, and radioactive seed implant therapy. A fourth new and natural treatment option is known as active survellaince, which is basically doing zero but constantly monitoring the cancer. She discusses in her article that doctors have not yet been able to decide which treatment option is more utile than another, as they say that the results of each treatment option vary case to case. These variants also depend on how progressed the cancer is and how healthy the patient was originally they got cancer.The sixth point of interest is a possible prostate cancer treatment that is still being researche d called Cryotherapy. In an article by A. Gardner, she discusses how several prostate cancer patients had successful cryoblation and their tumors were successfully thwarted. The method is still in research however, and as Dr Debra Monticciolo said, The concept is good, but we need a big study with longer follow up. It takes a while for a couple of tumor cells left behind to gather enough steam to be noticed (Gardner 2010). One of the most polemical methods of treatment is to do nobody and just check in on the cancer frequently, to ensure that it has not grown or spread. In an article by Johnsun and Treurnicht, they claim that, The majority of men with low-risk prostate cancer will die of unrelated causes (2009). They also discuss how this newer method of treatment, officially known as active command challenges the old method of radiation, and instead theorizes that attentive non-action, with only minimal treatments is perchance more effective. Johnsun and Treurnicht researched a group of 549 cancer patients who were offered active surveillance or surgery. The patients chose the surgery. Over an 8 year time span, it was discovered that the only way to ensure if active surveillance is an effective method of treatment is by repeated studies of men who have had biopsies.In another article I reviewed, author R. Lane and C. Metcalfe looked into a study that is being conducted in the UK. The study is a randomized controlled trial evaluating different prostate cancer treatments (2008). In the article, they claim that repeat prostate specific antigen testing is one of the most effective methods for deciding if one needs surgery. According to the article, men whose PSA levels are between 3.0 and 19.99 ng/mL are all candidates for treatment and most likely, a biopsy. Also according to Lane and Metcalfe, in the trial referred to in the article, the participants were between 50 and 70 years old. The conclusions of the authors was that repeat PSA blood testing, parti cularly in men aged The seventh point of interest in regards to Prostate Cancer detection methods is the conflict over PSA testing and its absolute results, or is it as complete as one would hope? Nogueira, Corradi, and Eastham (2009) explore other biomarkers besides PSA tests. They believe that although PSA is the best cancer biomarker available, it is not perfect. It lacks both the sensitivity and specificity to accurately detect the presence of prostate cancer (Nogueira et al., 2009). In their article, they evaluate the progress that is being make towards being able to use newly discovered biomarkers to help screen for prostate cancer. The studies that they review show that Human Kallikrein 2 or (hK2) is a serine protease that is tightly related to PSA in sequence. The studies have revealed however, that (hK2) is not ready to be used yet as it can indicate that there are cancer cells active in the blood, but not accurately enough. This is similar to the problem that researcher s run into with PSA testing. Several other membrane antigens and antibodies are also being studied, but none of them are yet ready to be used as get on research and testing is still needed. In the textbook, Rathus, Nevid, and Rathus (2008) agree with this article that PSA testing is the best method available. This should not be seen as though no progress has been made however, because as Dr. Ric impregnable Stock said, The past 40 years have seen a revolution in prostate cancer treatment. Not only are 90% of cases caught before they metastasize, but doctors have vastly improved technology for fighting cancer in the other 10% of patients (Charles 2009).The eighth point of interest is the recent news that the American Cancer Society has released new guidelines on prostate cancer screenings. In the article by A. Gardner, it discusses how the American Cancer Society is now set less emphasis on habitude PSA testing and more emphasis on doctor-patient conversations and decisions. These new guidelines are issued as a result of research and the ongoing conflict over how accurate PSA testing really is. According to a statement issued by the American Cancer Society, men with no symptoms of prostate cancer who are in comparatively good health and can expect to live another 10 years should make an intercommunicate decision with their doctor about prostate cancer screening after learning the uncertainties, risks, and potential services associated with such screening (Gardner 2010). These new statements disagree with with what Rathus, Nevid, and Rathus (2008), state in the textbook, The American Cancer Society recommends that men receive annual digital rectal examinations beginning at the same age as PSA tests (Rathus et al. 2008). They are now suggesting that PSA testing should not be a requirement for all men over 50.The ninth point of interest, however, is that many agree that PSA testing is still not a very reliable or effective method of detection. In an article i n Practical Nurse, urologist Professor Roger Kirby, coach of the Prostate Centre in London, states that, PSA testing is hugely controversial because the number of false positives and missed diagnoses of prostate cancer generated by the test raises questions about its usefulness (2009). In the article Kirby also points out that although PSA testing is so sketchy, that unfortunately men do not have many other options for detection. He calls for more research into alternative testing methods for the presence of cancerous cells in ones blood. He also calls for more education among men, to make them aware of their risk of contracting prostate cancer. Personal education and personal awareness are key elements in fighting the mortality rate of prostate cancer.The tenth point of interest is the progress being made towards educating the common on prostate cancer. In the European Journal of Cancer Care, contributing author S. Bowen, discusses a public health program in Ireland called the Na tional Cancer Information Service. It was developed because of the National Cancer Forums, concern that high quality, accurate information and resources should be available to the public (Bowen 2010). The majority of people who called in to the portion concerned about prostate cancer were men in their 50s to mid 60s. The service also found that most men were calling to find out how and where to get screened for prostate cancer. Bowen have in minds this is due to not enough public awareness of prostate cancer, he believes that, as the public becomes increasingly aware of cancer, it is pregnant that they have rag to clear unbiased information from a responsible quality service informed by ongoing evaluation (2010).Overall, the popular media articles that I reviewed did come along to agree with the academic journal articles. In regards to the cost of prostate cancer treatment, the textbook did not really go into depth on the topic, but the two articles that I reviewed did seem to agree with the consensus that prostate cancer treatment is expensive, and that the cost of treatment is rising. some other issue that I reviewed was also not really covered by the textbook, but the article that I reviewed was win over in that it shows that more research is needed for prostate cancer drugs. Another issue that I reviewed was also not covered by the textbook, but I found it fascinating that scientists are coming so close to finding a way to cure cancer. Another issue I reviewed was agreed upon in my textbook, the academic article and the popular media that risk factors for prostate cancer are pretty consistent. Another issue that I reviewed was the actual procedures which did agree with my textbook. Another issue I reviewed was Cryotherapy, which is an experimental method, not covered in the textbook. Another issue was conflict over PSA testing, and I found that the academic and popular media did agree mainly when it came to this issue. I do not feel that anything wa s left out in these articles or the textbook. I did feel that the academic studies were and are legitimate.I believe that future studies should focus on prostate cancer detection and treatment. The articles that I reviewed were very vivid as they show that a lot of progress has already been made in reference to prostate cancer treatment and detection. I count on that scientists and researchers should continue what they are doing, peculiarly with the research on stem cells and their direct connections to cancer. I think that finding the cause of prostate cancer should be the number one priority of researchers. I also feel that finding the future cure to cancer can only be done if much more extensive stem cell and gene research is conducted. Until that cure is found howver, I believe it is important to focus todays research on finding more accurate methods of testing, as PSA blood testing has been shown time and time again to not be as reliable as medical professionals would like i t to be. The new findings that I discussed are quite exciting though, and the possibility of finding a 100% accurate test for cancerous cells in the bloodstream is most likely in short to be a reality. The discovery of a new and more accurate testing method for prostate cancer would help increase the number of survivors as well as decrease the number of false readings and injure diagnoses.I feel that the important message throughout the articles and research that I conducted is that men need to be more educate and more aware of prostate cancer and its symptoms and that doctors need to spend more time with their patients who are diagnosed with prostate cancer. I think that families with a history of prostate cancer need to have father-to-son discussions about prostate cancer and that they might wishing to stroke down on their intake of animal fats and their exposure to radiation as that raises their risk. Black men who consume a lot of red meat with a family history of prostate c ancer should be especially concerned. The other important thing is that men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer need to be informed of all their options, not just the options that benefit and are profitable to the medical institution providing the treatment, or the drug company providing the drugs for treatment. The new active surveillance prostate cancer treatment method is still under scrutiny as to whether it is as effective as medical professionals are hoping it will be. I also think that crystallize is needed in regards to the outrageous cost of treatment, which for the average person, is very unsaid to afford.The general public needs to be more aware and educated more societies such as the American Cancer Society are needed to help raise awareness and to provide valuable information, resources, and plump for to those who are affected. The financial burden on those with prostate cancer is also something that needs to be addressed. The future of prostate cancer is one that is hard to predict however, because cancerous cells and genes are constantly mutating and changing generation from generation. The edit out amount of time, money, and resources that have been put into cancer research and treatments is incredible. I think that the future of prostate cancer will hopefully be cut short by the discovery of a way to prevent the cancerous cells from mutating, whether it is from radiation, antibodies, or removal of the cancerous cells.I also feel that the important message to anyone reading this is personal responsibility and personal awareness and education. It is not groups such as the American Cancer Societys responsibility to educate and help those who are fighting prostate and other forms of cancer, it is the individuals responsibility to do all that they can, within reason, to prevent and detect cancer early, before it is too late. Fear, procrastination, ignorance, and lack of health care and coverage are big issues when it comes down to the truth. The fact of the matter is that many people who are dying and have died from prostate cancer could have been saved if they had detected it earlier. The importance of getting routine screenings for men over 50 years old is crucial. The testing methods may not be 100% accurate, but it is better to be informed than to just take a chance with your life.